My Philosophy  - Sharing of  knowledge costs nothing.
  learning beyond limits..     

INTRODUCTION-  BY THE PEN OF AUTHOR 

NEHA  GUPTA  - Pedagogue & Blogger

I personally, believe that sharing of knowledge costs nothing, but it is worth nothing, if not shared.

I fascinated by Child Development & Pedagogy / Educational Psychology since, my studies during my teacher training course. This subject involves a lot of basics about teaching profession, which can really act as a catalyst in reforming the personality of teacher and further it creates a great contribution in the life of students.

My love for Child Development & Pedagogy/ Educational Psychology provokes me to create a platform where I can share my notes at free of cost.

I share notes , because I want to make a difference in student’s life not just in their education.

This blog is concerned with helping individuals to enhance their knowledge about basic pedagogy of teaching. Its aim is to help people to develop their skills and ability to understand the various concepts related to Computer Science, Teaching Aptitude and Child Development.

This blog is an effort to share knowledge, what I compiled during my studies, so that others can also arm themselves with the same.

Sharing the learning experiences across the limits with students by keeping my learning process alive forever, are my priorities.

VISION 

 “Be the most trusted, globally diversified mentor and person by enriching lives of the students while becoming partner in their success & maximizing my contribution towards society."

Talent has no boundaries. It is everywhere . All one needs is to spot talent and nurture it to let it blossom, considering the same I also created a section “Guest Posts” , if anyone wants to share its creativity/notes/innovations then they can join .

   

  

  Notes on :Ms –Office / By : Neha Gupta

Common file extensions

Text Files
.doc	Microsoft Word Document
.docx	Microsoft Word Open XML Document
.log	Log File
.odt	Open Document Text Document
.pages	Pages Document
.txt	Plain Text File
Data Files
.dat	Data File
.pps	PowerPoint Slide Show
.ppt	PowerPoint Presentation
.sdf	Standard Data File

Audio Files
.aif	Audio Interchange File Format
.iff	Interchange File Format
.ra	Real Audio File
.wav	WAVE Audio File
.wma	Windows Media Audio File
Video Files
.asf	Advanced Systems Format File
.flv	Flash Video File
.mp4	MPEG-4 Video File
.mpg	MPEG Video File
.rm	Real Media File
.srt	SubRip Subtitle File
.swf	Shockwave Flash Movie
.wmv	Windows Media Video File

3D Image Files
.3dm	Rhino 3D Model
.3ds	3D Studio Scene
.max	3ds Max Scene File
.obj	Wavefront 3D Object File
Raster Image Files
.bmp	Bitmap Image File
.dds	DirectDraw Surface
.gif	Graphical Interchange Format File
.jpg	JPEG Image
.png	Portable Network Graphic
.pspimage	PaintShop Pro Image
.tga	Targa Graphic
.thm	Thumbnail Image File
.tif	Tagged Image File
.tiff	Tagged Image File Format
.yuv	YUV Encoded Image File

Vector Image Files
.ai	Adobe Illustrator File
.eps	Encapsulated PostScript File
.ps	PostScript File
.svg	Scalable Vector Graphics File
Page Layout Files
.indd	Adobe InDesign Document
.pct	Picture File
.pdf	Portable Document Format File

Spreadsheet Files
.xlr	Works Spreadsheet
.xls	Excel Spreadsheet
.xlsx	Microsoft Excel Open XML Spreadsheet
Database Files
.accdb	Access 2007 Database File
.db	Database File
.dbf	Database File
.mdb	Microsoft Access Database
.pdb	Program Database
.sql	Structured Query Language Data File

Executable Files
.apk	Android Package File
.app	Mac OS X Application
.bat	DOS Batch File
.cgi	Common Gateway Interface Script
.com	DOS Command File
.exe	Windows Executable File
.gadget	Windows Gadget
.jar	Java Archive File
.pif	Program Information File
.vb	VBScript File
.wsf	Windows Script File
Game Files
.dem	Video Game Demo File
.gam	Saved Game File
.nes	Nintendo (NES) ROM File
.rom	N64 Game ROM File
.sav	Saved Game

CAD Files
.dwg	AutoCAD Drawing Database File
.dxf	Drawing Exchange Format File

Web Files
.asp	Active Server Page
.aspx	Active Server Page Extended File
.cer	Internet Security Certificate
.cfm	ColdFusion Markup File
.htm	Hypertext Markup Language File
.html	Hypertext Markup Language File
.js	JavaScript File
.jsp	Java Server Page
.xhtml	Extensible Hypertext Markup Language File

Backup Files
.bak	Backup File
.tmp	Temporary File

WINDOWS  BASIC TERMS :

Spell and Grammar Check

Not only does Word allow you to Undo possible mistakes in your document and Paste corrections, it also automatically reviews your grammar and spelling as you type. Green wavy lines are placed underneath possible grammar mistakes and a red wavy line under possible spelling mistakes. All of Word's grammar and spelling errors may not be correct, so you can choose to ignore these error markings and keep typing, or you can correct the mistakes and/or add the corrections to Word's dictionary.

The Menu Bar

Each Office XP program features a menu bar. The menu bar is made up of many different menus. Each menu contains commands that enable you to work within the program.

Office XP programs have very similar menus. Remember, the menus and menu commands slightly differ because each program performs a different function.

For example, Word 2002's menu bar is made up of the File, Edit, View, In

 ON: When a computer is on, you should see images on the monitor, possibly hear a “whirring” noise coming from the CPU (hopefully not too loud!), and the pointer on the screen (the small white arrow) should respond when you move the mouse.

 SLEEP MODE: Most computers have a mode called “Sleep,” in which the computer is on, but has assumed an energy-efficient, minimal power mode. To “wake” the computer, simply move the mouse around or press the space bar on the keyboard, and it will “wake up” and return to the exact same place that it was when it went to sleep. In other words, if you were using a word processing program and the computer went to sleep, it would return to exactly what you were working on when it wakes up.

· OFF: This is exactly what it sounds like: The computer is off, and no parts are running or working. The monitor is black (no images), there is no “whirring” sound from the CPU, and the computer is unresponsive to mouse movements or pressing keys on the keyboard. The power button (if it lights up) should not be lit up.

IMPORTANT  TERMS :

	WINDOWS KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS Windows System Key Combinations • CTRL+ESC: Open Start menu  • ALT+TAB: Switch between open programs  • ALT+F4: Quit program  Windows Program Key Combinations CTRL+ B = Bold  CTRL+ C = Copy  CTRL+ I = Italic CTRL+ A = Select All  CTRL+ X = Cut  CTRL+ V = Paste  CTRL+ Z = Undo  Mouse Click/Keyboard Modifier Combinations for Shell Objects • CTRL+ESC: Opens the Start menu  • ALT+ underlined letter: Opens the menu  • ALT+F4: Closes the current window  • CTRL+F4: Closes the current Multiple Document Interface (MDI)  To Copy a File Press and hold down the CTRL key while you drag the file to another folder.  General Folder/Shortcut Control • F4: Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the box (if the toolbar is active in Windows Explorer)  • F5: Refreshes the current window.  • F6: Moves among panes in Windows Explorer  • CTRL+G: Opens the Go To Folder tool (in Windows 95 Windows Explorer only)  • CTRL+Z: Undo the last command  • CTRL+A: Select all the items in the current window  • BACKSPACE: Switch to the parent folder  • SHIFT+click+ Close button: For folders, close the current folder plus all parent folders Accessibility Shortcuts • Press SHIFT five times: Toggles Sticky Keys on and off  • Press down and hold the right SHIFT key for eight seconds: Toggles Filter Keys on and off  • Press down and hold the NUM LOCK key for five seconds: Toggles ToggleKeys on and off  • Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK: Toggles MouseKeys on and off  • Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN: Toggles high contrast on and off HOME – to beginning of line or far left of field or screen.  END – to end of line, or far right of field or screen. CTRL+HOME – to the top CTRL+END – to the bottom PAGE UP – moves you up in your document or dialogue box by one page PAGE DOWN – moves you down in your document or dialogue list by one page. CNTL + ENTER – New Page

Note

• Ctrl+Alt+Break and Ctrl+Alt+End are available in all Remote Desktop sessions, even when you've set up the remote computer to recognize Windows keyboard shortcuts.

MS Excel

Workbook :Also called a spreadsheet, the Workbook is a unique file created by Excel XP.

Title baThe Title bar displays both the name of the application and the name of the spreadsheet.

Menu bar                   The Menu bar displays all the menus available for use in Excel XP. The contents of any menu can be displayed by clicking on the menu name with the left mouse button.

Toolbar : Some commands in the menus have pictures or icons associated with them. These pictures may also appear as shortcuts in the Toolbar.

Column Headings :

Each Excel spreadsheet contains 256 columns. Each column is named by a letter or combination of letters.

Row Headings

     Each spreadsheet contains 65,536 rows. Each row is named by a number.

Name Box :

Shows the address of the current selection or active cell.

Formula Bar

Displays information entered-or being entered as you type-in the current or active cell. The contents of a cell can also be edited in the Formula bar.

Cell

   A cell is an intersection of a column and row. Each cell has a unique cell address. In the picture above, the cell address of the selected cell is B3. The heavy border around the selected cell is called the cell pointer.

Navigation Buttons and Sheet Tabs

:  Navigation buttons allow you to move to another worksheet in an Excel workbook. Used to display the first, previous, next or last worksheets in the workbook.Sheet tabs separate a workbook into specific worksheets. A Workbook defaults to three worksheets. A Workbook must contain at least one worksheet.

Creating a workbook   : A blank workbook is displayed when Microsoft Excel XP is first opened. You can type information or design a layout directly in this blank workbook.

To Create an Excel XP Workbook:

• Choose File  New from the menu bar.
  
  
• The New Workbook task pane opens on the right side of the screen.
  
  
• Choose Blank Workbook under the New category heading.
• A blank workbook opens in the Excel window. The New Workbook task pane is closed.

Entering Text in a Cell

You can enter three types of data in a cell: text, numbers, and formulas. Text is any entry that is not a number or formula. Numbers are values used when making calculations. Formulas are mathematical calculations.

To Enter Data into a Cell:

• Click the cell where you want to type information.
• Type the data. An insertion point appears in the cell as the data is typed.
  
• The data can be typed in either the cell or the Formula bar.
  
  
• Data being typed appears in the both active cell and in the formula bar.
  
  
• Notice the Cancel and Enter buttons in the formula bar.
  
  
• Click the Enter button  to end the entry and turn off the formula bar buttons.
• Excel's AutoComplete feature keeps track of previously-entered text. If the first few characters you type in a cell match an existing entry in that column, Microsoft Excel fills in the remaining characters for you.
• About Formulas

In school, you learned formulas used to calculate math problems. Microsoft Excel uses these same formulas to perform calculations in a spreadsheet.

A formula can be a combination of values (numbers or cell references) and math operators (+, -, /, *, =) into an algebraic expression. Excel requires every formula to begin with an equal sign (=).

The following table illustrates the mathematical operators learned in school and those represented in Excel XP.

	School	Excel XP
Addition	+	+
Subtraction	-	-
Multiplication	X	*
Division	/	/
Equals	=	=

The result of a formula-the answer to 2+3, for example-displays in the cell on the Excel worksheet. The formula is visible only in the formula bar. A formula's result will change as different numbers are entered into the cells included in the formula's definition.

Complex Formulas Defined

Simple formulas have one mathematical operation. Complex formulas involve more than one mathematical operation.

The order of mathematical operations is very important. If you enter a formula that contains several operations--like adding, subtracting and dividing--Excel XP knows to work those operations in a specific order. The order of operations is:

1. Operations enclosed in parenthesis
2. Exponential calculations (to the power of)
3. Multiplication and division, whichever comes first
4. Addition and subtraction, whichever comes first

Using this order, let us see how the formula 120/(8-5)*4-2 is calculated in the following picture:

Creating Complex Formulas

Excel XP automatically follows a standard order of operations in a complex formula. If you want a certain portion of the formula to be calculated first, put it in parentheses.

If we wanted to add the contents of cell B2 and cell B3, for example, and then take that answer and multiply it by the data in cell A4, then we would need to define the following formula: =(B2+B3)*A4.

• Enter the numbers you want to calculate.
• Click the cell where you want the formula result to appear.
• Type the equal sign (=) to let Excel know a formula is being defined.
• Type an open parenthesis, or (
• Click on the first cell to be included in the formula (cell B2, for example).
• Type the addition sign (+) to let Excel know that an add operation is to be performed.
• Click on the second cell in the formula. The reference B3 displays where you want your result.
• End the B2+B3 operation by adding the close parenthesis, or )
• Type the next mathematical operator, or the multiplication symbol (*) to let Excel know that an multiply operation is to be performed.
• Click on the third cell to be included in the formula, cell A4.
• Very Important: Press Enter or click the Enter button  on the Formula bar. This step ends the formula.

Try changing one of the values in the formula and watch the answer to the formula change.

Using Functions

A function is a pre-defined formula that helps perform common mathematical functions. Functions save you the time of writing lengthy formulas. You could use an Excel function called Average, for example, to quickly find the average of range of numbers. Or you could use the Sum function to find the sum of a cell range. Excel XP contains many different functions.

Each function has a specific order, called syntax, which must be strictly followed for the function to work correctly.

Syntax Order:

1. All functions begin with the = sign.
2. After the = sign define the function name (e.g., Sum).
3. One or more arguments-numbers, text or cell references-enclosed by parentheses. If there is more than one argument, separate each by a comma.

An example of a function with one argument that adds a range of cells, B3 through B10:

An example of a function with more than one argument that calculates the average of numbers in a range of cells, B3 through B10, and C3 through C10:

Excel literally has hundreds of different functions to assist with your calculations. Building formulas can be difficult and time-consuming. Excel's functions can save you a lot of time and headaches.

Excel's Different Functions

There are many different functions in Excel XP. Some of the more common functions include:

Statistical Functions:

• SUM - summation adds a range of cells together.
• AVERAGE - average calculates the average of a range of cells.
• COUNT - counts the number of chosen data in a range of cells.
• MAX - identifies the largest number in a range of cells.
• MIN - identifies the smallest number in a range of cells.

Financial Functions:

• Interest Rates
• Loan Payments
• Depreciation Amounts

Date and Time functions:

• DATE - Converts a serial number to a day of the month
• Day of Week
• DAYS360 - Calculates the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year
• TIME - Returns the serial number of a particular time
• HOUR - Converts a serial number to an hour
• MINUTE - Converts a serial number to a minute
• TODAY - Returns the serial number of today's date
• MONTH - Converts a serial number to a month
• YEAR - Converts a serial number to a year

Using the Standard Toolbar to Align Text and Numbers in Cells

You've probably noticed by now that Excel XP left-aligns text (labels) and right-aligns numbers (values). This makes data easier to read.

You do not have to leave the defaults. Text and numbers can be defined as left-aligned, right-aligned or centered in Excel XP. The picture below shows the difference between these alignment types when applied to labels.

Text and numbers may be aligned using the left-align, center and right-align buttons of the Formatting toolbar:

To Align Text or Numbers in a Cell:

• Select a cell or range of cells
• Click on either the Left-Align, Center or Right-Align buttons in the standard toolbar.
• The text or numbers in the cell(s) take on the selected alignment treatment.

·         Understanding the Different Chart Types

·         Excel XP allows you to create many different kinds of charts.

·         Area Chart

·         An area chart emphasizes the trend of each value over time. An area chart also shows the relationship of parts to a whole.

·        

·         Column Chart

·         A column chart uses vertical bars or columns to display values over different categories. They are excellent at showing variations in value over time.

·        

·         Bar Chart

·         A bar chart is similar to a column chart except these use horizontal instead of vertical bars. Like the column chart, the bar chart shows variations in value over time.

·        

·         Line Chart

·         A line chart shows trends and variations in data over time. A line chart displays a series of points that are connected over time.

·        

·         Pie Chart

·         A pie chart displays the contribution of each value to the total. Pie charts are a very effective way to display information when you want to represent different parts of the whole, or the percentages of a total.

·        

·         Other Charts

·         Other charts that can be created in Excel XP include: Doughnut; Stock XY (scatter); Bubble; Radar; Surface; or Cone, Cylinder, and Pyramid charts.

Identifying the Parts of a Chart

Have you ever read something you didn't fully understand but when you saw a chart or graph, the concept became clear and understandable? Charts are a visual representation of data in a worksheet. Charts make it easy to see comparisons, patterns, and trends in the data.

Source Data

The range of cells that make up a chart. The chart is updated automatically whenever the information in these cells change.

Title :The title of the chart.

Legend :The chart key, which identifies each color on the chart represents.

Axis :The vertical and horizontal parts of a chart. The vertical axis is often referred to as the Y axis, and the horizontal axis is referred to as the X axis.

Data Series :The actual charted values, usually rows or columns of the source data.

Value Axis :The axis that represents the values or units of the source data.

Category Axis :The axis identifying each data series.

…………………………………………………………………….

1. ctrl, shift and alt are called __________ keys.

A) adjustment

B) function

C) modifier

D) alphanumeric

2. To make the number pad act as directional arrows, you press the __________ key.

A) num lock

B) caps lock

C) arrow lock

D) shift

3. The modern keyboard typically has __________ Function keys.

A) 10

B) 12

C) 14

D) 16

4. To move to the beginning of a line of text, press the __________ key.

A) a

B) pageup

C) enter

D) home

5. The __________ determines how long you must hold down an alphanumeric key before the

A) strike rate

B) repeat rate

C) default rate

D) threshold rate

6. The traditional mechanical mouse uses a __________ to track the pointer position on the

screen.

A) light sensor

B) wheel

C) ball

D) ruler

7. To access properties of an object, the mouse technique to use is __________.

A) dragging

B) dropping

C) right-clicking

D) shift-clicking

8. The __________ can be defined as an upside down mouse.

A) trackpad

B) trackball

C) trackpoint

D) trackwell

9. The __________ key will launch the Start button.

A) esc

B) shift

C) Windows

D) Shortcut

10. The wheel on a mouse can make it easier to __________.

A) scroll through documents

B) select objects

C) open documents

D) change volume

ANSWERS:

1        c                 

2        a

3        b

4        d

5        b

6        c

7        c

8        b

9        c

10      a